Page Last Edited: 19/02/2013

Gender and Educational Achievement: Some Data

This document has been updated to take account of GCSE and Advanced Level Results in 2012. I have also attempted to repair previously broken links which arose mainly as  a result of redesigns of the excellent ONS and DfE websites. Hopefully everything is in order now.

NEWEST LINKS.  Click here and here for Guardian articles on 2012 Advanced Level results including numerical data and graphics on Gender and Educational Achievement at Advanced Level.

 [Click for links to documents on Explanations of Gender Differences in Educational Achievement,  Explanations of Gender Differences in Subject Choice, Gender and the Hidden Curriculum and a PowerPoint Presentation on Explanations of Gender Differences in Educational Achievement]

 The following paper has been relocated within the DFE website and the recently broken link to it has now been reactivated. The paper provides very detailed statistical information on all aspects of the relationships between gender and educational achievement.  Click here for the DCSF Research paper" Gender and Education: The Evidence on Pupils in England:"  Published 18th July 2007

Introduction

If you are writing essays on gender and educational achievement in either AS Sociology or A2 Sociology examinations it is likely that you will have only limited time to describe the actual data illustrating relationships between gender and educational achievement before moving quickly on to analyse and evaluate the various sociological theories which have been used to explain these relationships. My aim in this document is to provide some fairly detailed data on relationships between gender and educational achievement at GCSE, GCE Advanced, Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels from which you can extract the key summary points which will be useful for essay writing purposes. In particular in relation to gender and educational achievement at GCSE level I stress some inter-relationships between gender, ethnicity, free school meal eligibility and educational achievement.

This document is rather long and I would personally advise you to be selective in the use of the various sources outlined below especially perhaps if you are studying an AS Sociology of Education Module rather than an A2 Module. Obviously your teachers can give you very good advice as to how much time you should spend on this document and as to the relative importance of the different types of data provided.

Gender and Educational Achievement: Some Data

Several aspects of the relationships between gender and educational achievement are listed below and you may then use the various links as appropriate to find more detailed information

1.  Click here and scroll down to the Education Chapter of Social Trends 2011 [Social Trends 41] . This chapter provides information on gender differences in educational attainment at Key Stages 1, 2 and 3. Actually you may find it easier to search for Social Trends and then to find the Education Chapter!
2. Gender differences in examination pass rates at 16+ level were small from the 1950s to the 1980s. By the 1970s girls were slightly more likely than boys to gain 5 or more GCE Ordinary level passes because they were significantly more likely than boys to pass examinations in Arts and Humanities subjects and only slightly less likely than boys to pass GCE Ordinary Level Examinations in Mathematics and Scientific Subjects.
3. There were also significant gender differences in examination subjects entered between the 1950s and the 1980s . Such differences were reduced as  a result of the introduction of the National Curriculum which made English, Mathematics and Science compulsory at GCSE Level..
4. Gender differences in educational achievement increased from the late 1980s when the GCSE examinations were introduced. Girls' traditional relatively higher examination pass rates in Arts and Humanities subjects tended to increase and girls also narrowed and in some years reversed boys' traditional relatively higher pass rates in Mathematics and Science subjects.
5. Click here for my document on Ethnicity and Educational attainment which indicates that Girls outperform boys at GCSE level in all ethnic groups although the sizes of the gender gaps in achievement vary as between different ethnic groups.
6. It is, however vital to note that gender differences in examination results are far smaller than differences in examination results between students eligible and ineligible for free school meals.
7. The differences in GCSE results as between  students eligible and ineligible for free school meals are greater for white students [boys and girls] than for students from other ethnic groups.
8. Although gender differences in subject choice at 16+ level declined as a result of the introduction of the National Curriculum which made English, Mathematics and Science compulsory subjects for all 14-16 year olds  gender differences in subject choice at GCE Advanced Level remain substantial.
9. NEWEST LINKS Click here for information and further links on Gender and GCSE Results in 2012
10. Click here for a separate document on Gender and Subject Choice at GCSE and GCE Advanced Level in 2007/2008.-2011/2012. Some of the data in this document are  also repeated  in the Gender and Subject Choice document. Sorry!
11. Females  now generally outperform males in GCE Advanced Level examinations. They have for many years been are more likely than boys to gain two or more Advanced Level pass grades. In  2010 females were more likely than males to gain A*, A and B grades in all Advanced Level subjects combined. In 2011 in all subjects combined females and males were equally likely to gain A* grades but  females remained more likely than males  to gain A and B grades. Nevertheless gender differences in achievement are smaller at Advanced Level than at GCSE Level. [Also the statistics must be interpreted with care: a typical awkward detail is that although a greater percentage of girls than boys gain Grade A* in A level Physics more boys than girls gain an A Grade because more boys than girls actually enter the A Level Physics examination. ]
12. NEWEST LINKS. Click here for information on GCE Advanced Level Results in 2012  Click here and here for Guardian articles on 2012 Advanced Level results including numerical data and graphics on Gender and Educational Achievement at Advanced Level.
13. Females are more likely than males to enrol on undergraduate courses and as postgraduate students.
14.  There are significant gender differences in subject choice at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
15.  In recent years females have been very slightly less likely than males to gain First Class degrees but significantly more likely than boys to gain Upper Second Class degrees  

Gender and Educational Achievement at GCE Ordinary Level : from the 1950s to 1988

1. In the 1950s and early 1960s most pupils were educated in Secondary Modern Schools and they [as well as a more limited number of Grammar School pupils] left school at the age of 15  without taking any official national examinations. Thus any official data on gender differences in 16+ examinations results in the 1950s and early 1960s related only to the relatively small percentages of pupils who remained in school until the age of 16 and took GCE Ordinary Level examinations. These will be referred to subsequently as GCE "O" Levels.
2. By the 1960s some Secondary Modern schools provided GCE O Level courses for pupils who wished to stay on until the age of 16 and when the Certificate of Secondary Education was introduced in 1965 more secondary modern pupils stayed on to take this examination. Meanwhile the comprehensivisation process accelerated from the 1960s onwards and many comprehensive pupils now took either GCE O Levels or CSE examinations or a combination of the two.
3. However the official school leaving age was not raised to 16 until 1973 and so in the 1960s many pupils still left school without taking any official national examinations.
4. From the 1950s to the 1970s boys were more likely than girls to take GCE "O "Level Examinations. For example in broad terms in the 1960s and 1970s boys and girls took 55% and 45% respectively of all GCE "O" Level examinations..
5. From the 1950s to the 1980s there were also significant gender differences in examination subject entries. Girls were more likely than boys to enter for English, Modern Languages, Humanities subjects and Domestic Science while boys were more likely than girls to enter for Mathematics, Science subjects other than Biology, Woodwork, Metalwork and Technical Drawing.
6. From the 1950s to the 1970s the percentages of male and female school leavers achieving 5 or more GCE "O" Level passes were very similar. However since males  were more likely than females to enter for GCE "O" Level examinations this meant that the actual pass rate for female candidates must have exceeded the pass rate for male candidate s in several subjects.
7. In fact the female candidate pass rate was higher [and in some cases significantly higher] than the  male candidate pass rate in English Language, History, French, RE and Art while the male candidate pass rate was usually higher in Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics and Biology although in these subjects gender differences in candidate pass rates were relatively small.
8. By the early 1980s girls and boys were now equally likely to take GCE "O" Level Examinations and the percentages of both boys and girls taking these examinations increased gradually. Gender differences in percentages passing 5 or more GCE "O" Levels were small but nevertheless about 1%- 2% in girls' favour.
9. However this single statistic hid the facts that girls were often significantly outperforming boys in Arts and Humanities subjects and that boys were slightly outperforming girls in Mathematics and Science subjects.

• Overall Trends in GCE, CSE and GCSE Pass Rates are shown in the following Tables.

Table 1: Percentages of School Leavers of Any Age Achieving 5 or more A*-C Equivalent Pass Grades 1974/5 -1987/8.

[ The data in both of the following tables refer to pupils from all English schools but from 1974/5 to 1987/8 the data refer to school leavers are of any age while from 1987/8 onwards they refer to pupils aged 15 at the start of the academic year. Prior to 1988/9 pass rate data refer to GCE "O" levels [and CSE Grade 1 passes in 86/7 and 87/8] while from 1988/9 onwards they refer to GCSE passes A-C and A*-C after 1992/3 .]

• GCE, CSE and GCSE

CSE examinations were introduced in  1965 with the aim of providing formal educational qualifications for students who were not considered capable of reaching the GCE "O" Level standard. The hope was that the introduction of these examinations would encourage more students to work more seriously for the new examination qualifications and also help employers  to assess the relative suitability  of school leavers for different types of employment. CSE examinations were less demanding than GCE "O" level examinations  but a CSE Grade 1 pass grade was accorded parity  with a Grade C GCE "O" Level pass grade  and the above statistics for  1986/7 and 1987/8 included  candidates who had  gained some CSE Grade 1 pass grades.

Since CSE examinations certainly did not attain "parity of esteem" with GCE "O" Levels among pupils, teachers, parents and employers the decision was taken to merge the two examinations into the new GCSE examination . Whereas GCE "O" Level  grades had been awarded entirely on the basis of examination performance CSE assessments had included a coursework component and it was decided that GCSE assessments should be based partly on examination performance and partly upon course work which was to account for about 25% of the final assessment. It was argued also that it was necessary to recognise the achievements of all pupils at GCSE level whatever grades were achieved but in practice GCSE Grades A-C and subsequently A*-C came to be defined by many as "pass grades" and equated broadly with the previous GCE "O" level pass grades A-C.

Once the GCSE was introduced it was noted that GCSE pass rates at Grades A/A*-C were increasing more rapidly than had occurred in the era of GCE "O" level examinations  and this led to allegations  by some that these examinations must have become easier than the previous GCE O levels although others have argue that the higher pass rates reflected more effective teaching and learning by teachers and students respectively. [In any case as stated in the DCFS Paper entitled Gender and Education: The Evidence on Pupils in England," GCSEs, unlike O Levels are criterion based assessments rather than measured in relation to peer performance ending the rationing of the top grades." This fundamental change in the nature of the grade awarding process clearly helps to explain why increasing percentages of pupils have been able to gain A/A*-C GCSE pass grades.

The examination results of both boys and girls improved but  overall gender differences in examination results [as measured by percentages of boys and girls achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A/A*-C] increased quite sharply once the GCSE was introduced as girls maintained or even increased their traditionally superior performance in English, Modern Foreign Languages and Humanities subjects and narrowed or even occasionally reversed boys' traditionally slightly superior examination performance in Mathematics and Science subjects.

The overall extent and timing of improvements in relative female educational improvement at 16+ level are illustrated in the following table.

 Table 2: Percentages of pupils in all English schools aged 15 at the start of the academic year achieving 5 or more A*-C Equivalent Pass Grades 1985/6- 1999/2000

Some explained this relatively rapid improvement in girls' educational achievements once the GCSE had been introduced mainly in terms of girls' allegedly superior organisational skills which enabled them to complete the newly introduced coursework tasks more effectively. Others have suggested that the reality is much more complex : it could be argued, for example, that coursework assignments test especially depth of understanding as well as organisational skills and that in any case girls' relative educational improvement must be explained by a wide ranging combination of factors operative inside and outside of the schools rather than solely by changes to the system of assessment at GCSE level. Furthermore the fact that relative improvements in female educational achievements are occurring in many countries suggests that they cannot be explained in the UK solely by the introduction of the GCSE.

Gender, Ethnicity and GCSE Examination Results

 Gender and Further and Higher Education

The 2010 edition of Social Trends provides information on long term trends in gender differences in access to Higher Education and recent information on Gender and Subject Choice in Higher Education. In table 3.9 we see that the numbers of both male and female undergraduates increased very significantly between 1970/71 and 2006/07 but also that female undergraduate enrolments overtook male undergraduate enrolments sometime in the early 1990s and continued to increase relatively thereafter such that by 2006/07 fulltime female undergraduates exceeded fulltime male undergraduates by 143,000 and fulltime female postgraduates exceed fulltime male postgraduates by 4000.

However the gender differences in subject choice at GCE Advanced Level continued in Higher Education and it was feared that females might still be under-represented in undergraduate subjects likely to provide the best career prospects. I shall consider this question in a separate document on Gender and Subject Choice.

It has been suggested also that although more females than males are enrolling on undergraduate courses males are still more likely than females to gain places at high status universities. However there are data which suggest that females are actually more likely than males to gain places at the high status so- called Russell group of universities suggesting therefore that females are not disadvantaged in this respect.

Table 4: Students in further and higher education: by type of course and sex [United Kingdom: Thousands]

You may click here for updated information to 2010/11 from the Higher Education Statistics Agency

"In 2006/07 female qualifiers outnumbered male qualifiers by a ratio of 14:10. In 2010/11 the difference had reduced slightly to 13:10. Male qualifiers outnumbered female qualifiers in six subject areas: Physical sciences, Maths, Computer science, Engineering, Architecture and Business studies. In the thirteen other subject areas female qualifiers outnumbered males, with the greatest imbalance in Subjects allied to medicine (mostly nursing) and Education"

You may click here and scroll down to Chart 9 for recent information on Gender and Degree Class

In this document I have used a variety of official documents to outline the gender differences in educational achievement which exist to varying degrees at all levels of the education system. I hope that the data will prove useful as you analyse and evaluate the various sociological theories which have been suggested as explanations for these gender differences.